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List of Philippine Vice Presidents

<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJ-DwMOuZgRAA1K8oFxfhL4PKOAnEdImp2K6vr3pwOTydTDulRsec3vnqpOUMkbAPbd6boTgudt9dpLSzAT_BK1ChWv1P0wbNaSy6WKxmfcqiOpmZhsfVcTVo1lYMwEIOizg15F1EW0JONupjuNuqCfeyh2fyOarjyyZ_4mxGqI2Cwy9WuCfGCTGB35Q/s600/philippine-flag.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJ-DwMOuZgRAA1K8oFxfhL4PKOAnEdImp2K6vr3pwOTydTDulRsec3vnqpOUMkbAPbd6boTgudt9dpLSzAT_BK1ChWv1P0wbNaSy6WKxmfcqiOpmZhsfVcTVo1lYMwEIOizg15F1EW0JONupjuNuqCfeyh2fyOarjyyZ_4mxGqI2Cwy9WuCfGCTGB35Q/w400-h266/philippine-flag.jpg" width="400" /></a></div> 1. Sergio Osmeña (1935-1944) - Vice President under President Manuel Quezon and later became the President of the Philippines after the death of Quezon in 19442. Elpidio Quirino (1946-1953) - Vice President under President Manuel Roxas and later became the President of the Philippines after the death of Roxas in 19483. Fernando Lopez (1949-1953) - Vice President under President Elpidio Quirino and later became Vice President under President Carlos Garcia4. Carlos P. Garcia (1953-1957) - Vice President under President Ramon Magsaysay and later became the President of the Philippines after the death of Magsaysay in 19575. Diosdado Macapagal (1957-1961) - Vice President under President Carlos Garcia and later became the President of the Philippines after winning the 1961 presidential election6. Emmanuel Pelaez (1961-1965) - Vice President under President Diosdado Macapagal7. Fernando Lopez (1965-1973) - Vice President under President Ferdinand Marcos8. Arturo Tolentino (1986-1992) - Vice President under President Ferdinand Marcos and later declared himself as Vice President during the 1986 People Power Revolution9. Joseph Estrada (1992-1998) - Vice President under President Fidel Ramos and later became the President of the Philippines after winning the 1998 presidential election10. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (1998-2001) - Vice President under President Joseph Estrada and later became the President of the Philippines after the ouster of Estrada in 200111. Teofisto Guingona Jr. (2001-2004) - Vice President under President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo12. Noli de Castro (2004-2010) - Vice President under President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo13. Jejomar Binay (2010-2016) - Vice President under President Benigno Aquino III14. Leni Robredo (2016-2022) - Vice President under President Rodrigo Duterte15. Sara Duterte (2022-present) - Vice President under President Bongbong MarcosNote that Emilio Aguinaldo was the first President of the Philippines and his term started on January 23, 1899, and ended on April 1, 1901, after he was captured by American forces. However, during his term, there was no Vice President as the position was not yet established at that time.

List of Philippine Vice Presidents

1. Sergio Osmeña (1935-1944) - Vice President under President Manuel Quezon and later became the President of the Philippines after the dea...

Ramon del Fierro Magsaysay

<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEispri7oiUKHc5Z7JOhbBpEKCWb_1nKmnQ1b_pPR4_-7SqBMtitlYH2QQ64QdCukZq5x570cnhO2HO-uGcifrMpdmydCc7tsplSnYqiegqd9azlma68DdTE7iRRZzzusGwrdUcBPWFyCB-OlfRz9JZfuigMSKGCzHQybKC4MgNBUwzetaw0BhkZ8MdHNg/s520/ramon%20magsaysay.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="250" data-original-width="520" height="193" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEispri7oiUKHc5Z7JOhbBpEKCWb_1nKmnQ1b_pPR4_-7SqBMtitlYH2QQ64QdCukZq5x570cnhO2HO-uGcifrMpdmydCc7tsplSnYqiegqd9azlma68DdTE7iRRZzzusGwrdUcBPWFyCB-OlfRz9JZfuigMSKGCzHQybKC4MgNBUwzetaw0BhkZ8MdHNg/w400-h193/ramon%20magsaysay.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>Ramon Magsaysay served as the 7th President of the Philippines from 1953 until his untimely death in 1957. Some of his achievements and legacies include:<ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Defeating the Hukbalahap Rebellion: Magsaysay led a successful campaign against the communist Hukbalahap Rebellion, which had been ongoing since the end of World War II. He implemented a program of amnesty and rehabilitation for former Huk fighters, which helped to bring an end to the insurgency.</li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Promotion of the Barong Tagalog: Magsaysay promoted the use of the barong tagalog, a traditional Filipino garment made of lightweight fabric, as a symbol of national identity. He wore the barong tagalog on many occasions and encouraged its use among government officials and the public.</li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Reforming Guerilla Affairs: Magsaysay reformed the system for handling guerrilla affairs, which had been plagued by corruption and inefficiency. He implemented a more streamlined and effective process for recognizing and compensating guerrilla fighters who had served during World War II.</li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>The "Golden Years": Magsaysay's presidency is often referred to as the "Golden Years" of Philippine history. He implemented a number of reforms aimed at promoting social justice and economic development, including land reform, rural electrification, and the establishment of a minimum wage.</li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Second in Asia: Under Magsaysay's leadership, the Philippines became the second most developed country in Asia, after Japan.</li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>National Reforestation and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA): Magsaysay established the NARRA, an agency tasked with promoting reforestation and land conservation in the Philippines. The agency helped to promote sustainable land use practices and mitigate the effects of deforestation.</li></ul>Overall, Magsaysay's legacy is marked by his commitment to promoting national identity, social justice, and economic development. His successful campaign against the Hukbalahap Rebellion helped to restore peace and order to the country, while his promotion of the barong tagalog and land reform helped to promote a sense of national identity and social equity. His reforms in guerilla affairs and economic policies, as well as his establishment of the NARRA, helped to promote sustainable development and conservation efforts. Magsaysay's presidency is widely regarded as one of the most successful in Philippine history.

Ramon del Fierro Magsaysay

Ramon Magsaysay served as the 7th President of the Philippines from 1953 until his untimely death in 1957. Some of his achievements and lega...

Diosdado Macapagal

<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2ffiESev5Hn_rrsUl8jkMj69PBPDtAKHFgHqMzrQvL1bhXLkUZz_W1quIFa8TDO1KoE-Wt2NtEeZQDtfNTJsVGkrz2D4a1XiaKdlWmQabtkRGrjlzAjrKGbas4EoBQRdbMh419WGCBQZJP5Zd9YJ3qQpID2y6CYSEHCbvoby9XJAxu70Bfws2NNuiow/s520/diosdado%20macapagal.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="250" data-original-width="520" height="193" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2ffiESev5Hn_rrsUl8jkMj69PBPDtAKHFgHqMzrQvL1bhXLkUZz_W1quIFa8TDO1KoE-Wt2NtEeZQDtfNTJsVGkrz2D4a1XiaKdlWmQabtkRGrjlzAjrKGbas4EoBQRdbMh419WGCBQZJP5Zd9YJ3qQpID2y6CYSEHCbvoby9XJAxu70Bfws2NNuiow/w400-h193/diosdado%20macapagal.jpg" width="400" /></a></div> Diosdado Macapagal served as the 9th President of the Philippines from 1961 to 1965. During his presidency, he implemented various policies and initiatives that had significant impacts on the country's economic, social, and political landscape. Here are some of his achievements and legacies:<ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Land Reform - One of Macapagal's most significant achievements was his implementation of a comprehensive land reform program. This program aimed to distribute land to landless farmers and reduce the power of wealthy landowners. It also promoted tenant ownership and provided government support for agricultural development. This program helped improve the lives of many poor farmers and contributed to the growth of the agricultural sector.</li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Economic Liberalization - Macapagal also pursued policies that aimed to liberalize and open up the Philippine economy to foreign investment. He abolished the system of import and export quotas, lowered tariffs, and allowed foreign investment in various sectors. This helped attract foreign investment and contributed to the growth of the country's economy.</li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Shift to the Gregorian Calendar - Macapagal also made a historic move by changing the country's calendar from the old Spanish colonial calendar to the internationally recognized Gregorian calendar. This helped align the Philippines with the rest of the world and facilitated better international communication and trade.</li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Stronger Ties with Southeast Asian Neighbors - Macapagal also pursued a foreign policy that aimed to strengthen ties with Southeast Asian neighbors. He supported the formation of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and advocated for greater regional cooperation and integration.</li></ul>Overall, Diosdado Macapagal's presidency was marked by a focus on social and economic reforms, as well as promoting international cooperation and integration. His policies and initiatives continue to have an impact on the country today.

Diosdado Macapagal

Diosdado Macapagal served as the 9th President of the Philippines from 1961 to 1965. During his presidency, he implemented various policies ...

Rodrigo Roa Duterte

<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi24N_QH6EMkYlyzHKF6k98_eDeZg4I1pKahTIKYjJsGav_ucANmikLkdwAlPrA53PFM8IIdhneraYU2n64u4TIBBsFRAfVbaHb7JTLl3UJpD0aabvVR_kLdl7xTui47a8Gg4PZ8V7aPlCnL53OJ8SwVVtoQbzpZbzMBDAFfYSJABk2sviaMuRgXmv0ew/s647/rodrigo%20duterte2'.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="404" data-original-width="647" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi24N_QH6EMkYlyzHKF6k98_eDeZg4I1pKahTIKYjJsGav_ucANmikLkdwAlPrA53PFM8IIdhneraYU2n64u4TIBBsFRAfVbaHb7JTLl3UJpD0aabvVR_kLdl7xTui47a8Gg4PZ8V7aPlCnL53OJ8SwVVtoQbzpZbzMBDAFfYSJABk2sviaMuRgXmv0ew/w400-h250/rodrigo%20duterte2'.jpg" width="400" /></a></div> Rodrigo R. Duterte served as the 16th President of the Philippines from 2016 to 2022. During his term, he implemented various programs and initiatives aimed at improving the country's economy, infrastructure, public safety, and social services. However, his presidency was also marked by controversies and criticisms.Achievements:<ul style="text-align: left;"><li>The Public-Private Partnerships program infrastructure program was continued and expanded under Duterte administration's Buildd, Build, Build program. Major infrastructure projects were completed, such as the Metro Manila Skyway Stage 3, the Mactan-Cebu International Airport Terminal 2, and the Sangley Airport in Cavite.</li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>The Universal Health Care law was enacted, which aimed to provide all Filipinos with access to quality health services.</li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>The Build, Build, Build infrastructure program, along with other initiatives, contributed to the country's economic growth, with an average GDP growth rate of 6.5% from 2016 to 2019.</li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Duterte implemented the Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion (TRAIN) law, which aimed to simplify the tax system and generate additional revenue for the government. The law lowered personal income tax rates, while increasing excise taxes on fuel and sugary beverages, among others.</li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Duterte's foreign policy emphasized closer ties with China and a more independent stance from the United States. He also strengthened the country's relationships with other countries, such as Japan and Russia, and pursued an active role in regional organizations like the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).</li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>The Bangsamoro Organic Law was enacted during Duterte's term, which created the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM). The law aimed to address the longstanding conflict in Mindanao and provide the Bangsamoro people with greater self-determination.</li></ul><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Another achievement of Duterte's presidency was the recovery of the Balangiga Bells from the United States. The bells, which were taken by American soldiers as war booty during the Philippine-American War, were returned to the Philippines in 2018 after decades of efforts by Philippine officials and activists</li></ul></div>Controversies:<ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Duterte's campaign against illegal drugs, which he launched at the start of his presidency, was marked by extrajudicial killings, human rights violations, and accusations of police corruption. Human rights groups estimate that thousands of suspected drug users and dealers were killed during police operations or by vigilantes.</li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Duterte's statements and actions, including his derogatory remarks about women, his controversial statements about the Catholic Church, and his attacks on political opponents and media outlets, drew widespread criticism and raised concerns about freedom of speech and human rights.</li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Duterte's foreign policy, particularly his pivot towards China, was controversial, with some critics questioning the potential implications for the country's national security and sovereignty. Duterte's decision to set aside the 2016 ruling of the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague in favor of the Philippines in its maritime dispute with China was also criticized by some.</li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>The implementation of the Bangsamoro Organic Law faced challenges, including questions about its constitutionality and delays in the transition process. There were also concerns raised about the inclusion of certain areas in the BARMM, particularly those with significant non-Muslim populations.</li></ul>

Rodrigo Roa Duterte

Rodrigo R. Duterte served as the 16th President of the Philippines from 2016 to 2022. During his term, he implemented various programs and i...

Benigno Simeon Aquino III

<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9Bmkxr_Ao6aumjXZV5HEZ_04Wu6ilNv56fT0LcvcTTuxNdn9J0jRbepxZwCr8ecN-xLMyGbWKQ9_XQ_Z5PNNK6RmRe9Y1PxvjPxh9uO7mq12CcWg-YcJjh4366GIYm95FXZZw0FK1ONIEFPLwv4E_QL-uRLOhvq_D7RxuH5rELnmpk79ufmsYJwt_GA/s520/benigno%20aquino%20iii.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="250" data-original-width="520" height="193" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9Bmkxr_Ao6aumjXZV5HEZ_04Wu6ilNv56fT0LcvcTTuxNdn9J0jRbepxZwCr8ecN-xLMyGbWKQ9_XQ_Z5PNNK6RmRe9Y1PxvjPxh9uO7mq12CcWg-YcJjh4366GIYm95FXZZw0FK1ONIEFPLwv4E_QL-uRLOhvq_D7RxuH5rELnmpk79ufmsYJwt_GA/w400-h193/benigno%20aquino%20iii.jpg" width="400" /></a></div> Benigno Simeon "Noynoy" Aquino III served as the 15th President of the Philippines from 2010 to 2016. During his term, he implemented various programs and initiatives aimed at improving the economy, infrastructure, education, government reform, health, and peace and order in the country. However, his presidency was also marked by controversies and criticisms. Economy:<ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Under Aquino's term, the Philippine economy experienced significant growth, with an average GDP growth rate of 6.3% from 2010 to 2016.</li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Aquino implemented the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) program, which aimed to encourage private sector investment in public infrastructure projects.</li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>The Philippines received investment-grade credit ratings during his term, which helped boost investor confidence.</li></ul>Infrastructure:<ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Aquino implemented the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) program, which aimed to improve infrastructure in the country, including airports, seaports, roads, and bridges.</li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Major infrastructure projects completed during his term include the NAIA Expressway, the LRT Line 1 Extension, and the Mactan-Cebu International Airport Terminal.</li></ul>Education:<ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Aquino implemented the K-12 program, which added two years to the country's basic education system in order to improve the quality of education.</li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>The government increased the budget for education during his term, which led to the construction and repair of classrooms and the hiring of more teachers.</li></ul>Government Reform:<ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Aquino implemented the "Daang Matuwid" or "Straight Path" program, which aimed to promote transparency, accountability, and good governance in the government.</li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>He also created the Philippine Open Government Partnership, which aimed to increase transparency and public participation in government.</li></ul>Health:<ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Aquino implemented the Universal Health Care program, which aimed to provide all Filipinos with access to quality health services.</li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>The government increased the budget for health during his term, which led to the construction and improvement of hospitals and health facilities.</li></ul>AFP Modernization Program:<ul style="text-align: left;"><li>During his term, Aquino also made efforts to modernize the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP). The AFP Modernization Program aimed to improve the country's defense capabilities and upgrade its military equipment and facilities.</li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Under Aquino's administration, the AFP Modernization Program received a significant increase in funding. The government allocated a total of PHP 94.9 billion ($2.2 billion) for the program from 2010 to 2016, which was almost triple the amount allocated during the previous administration.</li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Some of the key projects under the AFP Modernization Program implemented during Aquino's term include:</li></ul><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>The acquisition of FA-50 fighter jets from South Korea</li><li>The acquisition of naval helicopters and patrol boats</li><li>The acquisition of radar systems and other surveillance equipment</li><li>The upgrade of military bases and facilities</li></ol>Territorial Dispute:<ul style="text-align: left;"><li>During his term, Aquino also played a significant role in the Philippines' arbitration case against China over the South China Sea dispute. The case was filed in 2013 and was decided by an international tribunal in 2016, during Aquino's last year in office.</li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>The tribunal, which was based in The Hague, Netherlands, ruled in favor of the Philippines and invalidated China's historical claims to much of the South China Sea. The ruling also affirmed the Philippines' rights to its exclusive economic zone (EEZ) and extended continental shelf (ECS) in the South China Sea.</li></ul>Peace and Order:<ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Aquino implemented the Comprehensive Agreement on the Bangsamoro, which aimed to achieve lasting peace in Mindanao by addressing the root causes of the conflict.</li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>His administration also implemented the Oplan Lambat-Sibat program, which aimed to reduce crime and improve public safety.</li></ul>Controversies:<ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Aquino was criticized for his handling of the Mamasapano incident in 2015, where 44 Special Action Force (SAF) troops were killed in a clash with Muslim rebels.</li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>He was also criticized for his handling of the response to Typhoon Yolanda (Haiyan) in 2013, which was one of the strongest typhoons to ever hit the country.</li></ul>

Benigno Simeon Aquino III

Benigno Simeon "Noynoy" Aquino III served as the 15th President of the Philippines from 2010 to 2016. During his term, he implemen...

Gloria Macapagal Arroyo

<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVmhIaU8FL_6EYaLYY_mYnGb9ftw6cq9j-dkR76HZ6qCV5gASR9nv8rG_GsGEiDJEE_WnjO5PHTTKJQha3bt2t6mX4usRe7SDpHC9vz3dki-FbcakSqo359a7y039-sWjlH0WOh9tRCCsbmHkoRm1Rcdn37F-QhJpUIT5kXdFgimD1M_upseRrlWT6JQ/s520/gloria%20arroyo.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="250" data-original-width="520" height="193" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVmhIaU8FL_6EYaLYY_mYnGb9ftw6cq9j-dkR76HZ6qCV5gASR9nv8rG_GsGEiDJEE_WnjO5PHTTKJQha3bt2t6mX4usRe7SDpHC9vz3dki-FbcakSqo359a7y039-sWjlH0WOh9tRCCsbmHkoRm1Rcdn37F-QhJpUIT5kXdFgimD1M_upseRrlWT6JQ/w400-h193/gloria%20arroyo.jpg" width="400" /></a></div> Gloria Macapagal Arroyo served as the 14th President of the Republic of the Philippines from 2001 to 2010. Her presidency was marked by both achievements and controversies. Some of her notable achievements and legacies as president include:<ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Economic growth: Arroyo's administration was known for its focus on economic growth. Under her leadership, the Philippine economy grew at an average annual rate of 4.5% from 2001 to 2009, and even survived the global financial crisis of 2008-2009.</li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Fiscal stability: Arroyo's administration also improved the fiscal stability of the country. She implemented fiscal reforms that reduced the budget deficit and increased revenues, leading to an improved credit rating for the Philippines.</li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Infrastructure development: Arroyo's administration also focused on infrastructure development. She oversaw the construction of several major highways and bridges, as well as the expansion of the country's telecommunications network.</li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Education: Arroyo's administration implemented several education reforms, including the Education for All program and the expansion of the Government Assistance to Students and Teachers in Private Education (GASTPE) program.</li></ul><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>The Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) was launched during her administration in 2008. The program is a conditional cash transfer program aimed at reducing poverty and promoting human capital development among poor households in the country.</li></ul></div>However, Arroyo's presidency was also marked by several controversies, including:<ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Election fraud: Arroyo was accused of election fraud during the 2004 presidential elections, in which she narrowly defeated her opponent, Fernando Poe Jr. The allegations of fraud were never proven, but they tarnished her reputation and led to protests and calls for her resignation.</li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Corruption: Arroyo's administration was also accused of corruption, particularly in relation to the "Hello Garci" scandal, in which she was allegedly caught on tape discussing election fraud with a top election official. She was also accused of accepting bribes from the Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office.</li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Human rights abuses: Arroyo's administration was criticized for human rights abuses, particularly in relation to the extrajudicial killings of political activists and journalists. She was also criticized for her handling of the Maguindanao massacre, in which 58 people were killed, including 32 journalists.</li></ul>In conclusion, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo's presidency was marked by both achievements and controversies. While she oversaw economic growth and made significant contributions to infrastructure development and education reform, she was also accused of election fraud, corruption, and human rights abuses.

Gloria Macapagal Arroyo

Gloria Macapagal Arroyo served as the 14th President of the Republic of the Philippines from 2001 to 2010. Her presidency was marked by both...

Joseph E. Estrada

<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwf7MU7eCMjYrlTOxedA780H6SaZPPqu4AlkVY3GC2yUiH3661mRibFM8SiM6sVAix0970J7Y4iTDyynnpDUovZTE7uSy43yw8apR3F_3yQZomUnTVJiW71f3_nl04q-MmX8gRDRed6h_Pd8EpvQIvXhrenSw7qgZf-i5sJdSM6korP2b5FalXNlYOxQ/s520/joseph%20estrada.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="250" data-original-width="520" height="193" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwf7MU7eCMjYrlTOxedA780H6SaZPPqu4AlkVY3GC2yUiH3661mRibFM8SiM6sVAix0970J7Y4iTDyynnpDUovZTE7uSy43yw8apR3F_3yQZomUnTVJiW71f3_nl04q-MmX8gRDRed6h_Pd8EpvQIvXhrenSw7qgZf-i5sJdSM6korP2b5FalXNlYOxQ/w400-h193/joseph%20estrada.jpg" width="400" /></a></div> Joseph E. Estrada served as the 13th President of the Philippines from 1998 to 2001. Here are some of his achievements and legacies as President:Achievements:<ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Poverty Alleviation: Estrada's administration implemented several social programs, including the establishment of the Kabataan 2000 program, which aimed to reduce poverty by providing educational and job opportunities for young people.</li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Infrastructure Development: Estrada's administration initiated several infrastructure projects, including the construction of new roads, bridges, and public buildings, which helped improve transportation and communication systems in the Philippines.</li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Peace and Order: Estrada's administration implemented several programs to improve peace and order in the country, including the establishment of a national anti-crime commission and the creation of a peace process with various insurgent groups.</li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Pro-Poor Policies: Estrada's administration implemented policies aimed at promoting the welfare of the poor, including the implementation of the "People's Economic Recovery Program," which aimed to provide support to small businesses and farmers.</li></ul>Controversies:<ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Impeachment: Estrada's presidency was marred by controversy, including allegations of corruption and the impeachment proceedings filed against him by the House of Representatives in 2000.</li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>EDSA Dos: In January 2001, Estrada was ousted from power by the "People Power" movement, which led to the controversial presidency of Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo.</li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Corruption Allegations: Estrada was accused of amassing wealth through corruption during his presidency, leading to his eventual conviction in 2007 for plunder, although he was later pardoned by President Arroyo.</li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Juvenile Justice Law: Estrada signed the Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act of 2006, which lowered the age of criminal responsibility from 15 to 9 years old, a decision that was widely criticized by human rights groups.</li></ul>Overall, Estrada's presidency was marked by his efforts to address poverty and promote infrastructure development, but his legacy is also tarnished by allegations of corruption and mismanagement. The political turmoil and instability that characterized his presidency ultimately led to his removal from power and the rise of a new administration.

Joseph E. Estrada

Joseph E. Estrada served as the 13th President of the Philippines from 1998 to 2001. Here are some of his achievements and legacies as Pre...

Fidel V. Ramos

<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiks3dO2AT53I0Tbw6ojrJjysgFdSf23hW6-nW6lHByCCIZ6MevRZfxp9t3uGeB7VrXeAkDJM6XIvKu01rs2wmPhpCYkoVPYCxo1NqCpZhWsBi_4ZK0l5sQbVfwh1dbUFWjI7tJ58I0FMsDFSNnj4HM5l32rWCmwXRt7w47WJSRXOXNEMPTuCqdAA0XEA/s520/fidel%20ramos.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="250" data-original-width="520" height="193" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiks3dO2AT53I0Tbw6ojrJjysgFdSf23hW6-nW6lHByCCIZ6MevRZfxp9t3uGeB7VrXeAkDJM6XIvKu01rs2wmPhpCYkoVPYCxo1NqCpZhWsBi_4ZK0l5sQbVfwh1dbUFWjI7tJ58I0FMsDFSNnj4HM5l32rWCmwXRt7w47WJSRXOXNEMPTuCqdAA0XEA/w400-h193/fidel%20ramos.jpg" width="400" /></a></div> Fidel V. Ramos served as the 12th President of the Philippines from 1992 to 1998. Here are some of his achievements and legacies as President: Achievements:<ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Economic Reforms: Ramos' administration implemented a series of economic reforms that helped stabilize the Philippine economy, including the liberalization of trade and investment policies, the privatization of government-owned corporations, and the reduction of the budget deficit.</li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Infrastructure Development: Ramos' administration initiated several infrastructure projects, including the construction of new highways, bridges, airports, and seaports, which helped improve transportation and communication systems in the Philippines.</li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Peace Negotiations: Ramos' administration successfully negotiated peace agreements with various insurgent groups, including the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) and the communist New People's Army (NPA).</li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Social Reforms: Ramos' administration implemented several social programs, including the "Philippines 2000" program, which aimed to reduce poverty, improve education, and promote health care.</li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>International Recognition: Under Ramos' leadership, the Philippines gained international recognition for its successful economic and social reforms, resulting in the country's membership in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum.</li></ul>Controversies:<ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Contested Election: Ramos' presidency was marred by allegations of fraud during the 1992 presidential election, with several opposition groups claiming that the results were rigged in his favor.</li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Human Rights Violations: Ramos' administration was accused of committing human rights violations, particularly against leftist and activist groups.</li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Disputed Territorial Claims: Ramos' administration faced challenges in managing the Philippines' territorial claims in the South China Sea, particularly with China and Taiwan.</li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Economic Inequality: Despite the economic reforms implemented during Ramos' administration, the benefits of the reforms were not evenly distributed, resulting in continued economic inequality and poverty in the country.</li></ul>Overall, Ramos' presidency was marked by his efforts to promote economic growth, pursue peace negotiations, protect the environment, and promote good governance. His legacy as a leader who promoted economic and political stability, and worked to address the country's long-standing challenges, continues to influence Philippine politics and society today.

Fidel V. Ramos

Fidel V. Ramos served as the 12th President of the Philippines from 1992 to 1998. Here are some of his achievements and legacies as Presiden...

Maria Corazon Cojuangco-Aquino

<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh43yKaDHCbButTA6CpUEA8IyKG2lgv8iNYyENiOnfZ18UXmJqJM9UoDufGvjVdfae_J0TohgvQFORfR5nvEFuVJSkNDKgBMuI3DFafkDlJP64ZQGwb0d98IhxVi7eo_ywuipXNGDnMKEBHIo8YJcPFMQG-YWRqZtnRoVm_jj8qSv4JMJ3GsBNKKF4E6A/s520/cory%20aquino.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="250" data-original-width="520" height="193" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh43yKaDHCbButTA6CpUEA8IyKG2lgv8iNYyENiOnfZ18UXmJqJM9UoDufGvjVdfae_J0TohgvQFORfR5nvEFuVJSkNDKgBMuI3DFafkDlJP64ZQGwb0d98IhxVi7eo_ywuipXNGDnMKEBHIo8YJcPFMQG-YWRqZtnRoVm_jj8qSv4JMJ3GsBNKKF4E6A/w400-h193/cory%20aquino.jpg" width="400" /></a></div> Corazon Aquino served as the president of the Philippines from 1986 to 1992, following the People Power Revolution that toppled the authoritarian regime of Ferdinand Marcos. Here are some of her achievements and legacies during her presidency:<ul style="text-align: left;"><li>First Asian Woman President:</li></ul>        Corazon Aquino made history as the first female president in Asia. She became president after the People Power Revolution in 1986, which ousted the authoritarian regime of Ferdinand E. Marcos.<ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Bloodless Revolution:</li></ul>        The People Power Revolution, also known as the EDSA Revolution, was a nonviolent and peaceful mass protest that led to the ousting of Marcos and the installation of Aquino as president. It was considered a remarkable achievement and a model for nonviolent resistance movements around the world.<ul style="text-align: left;"><li>New Constitution:</li></ul>        One of the first actions of Aquino's presidency was to promulgate a new constitution in 1987, which restored democracy and civilian rule in the country. The new constitution was considered a landmark achievement in Philippine history and recognized the importance of protecting human rights, promoting social justice, and ensuring transparency and accountability in government.<ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Awards Received:</li></ul>        Aquino was recognized for her contributions to democracy and human rights, and received numerous awards and honors, including the Ramon Magsaysay Award for Government Service, the Sydney Peace Prize, and the Eleanor Roosevelt Human Rights Award. She was also named Time Magazine's Woman of the Year in 1986.<ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Social Programs:</li></ul>        During her presidency, Aquino implemented social programs to address poverty and inequality, including the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP), which aimed to redistribute land to farmers, and the Social Reform Agenda (SRA), which aimed to provide basic services to marginalized communities.<ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Government Reforms:</li></ul>        Aquino also implemented government reforms aimed at promoting transparency and accountability, such as the creation of the Presidential Commission on Good Government (PCGG), which was tasked to recover ill-gotten wealth amassed by the Marcoses and their cronies. She also established the Commission on Human Rights (CHR) to protect and promote human rights in the country.<ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Controversies:</li></ul>        During Corazon Aquino's presidency, she faced several coup attempts by different factions of the military and political groups who were unhappy with her leadership and reforms. These coup attempts were aimed at overthrowing Aquino's government and replacing it with a military junta.        Despite the coup attempt's failure, it highlighted the fragility of democracy in the Philippines and the challenges of transitioning from authoritarian rule to democratic governance. The coup attempts during Aquino's presidency underscored the importance of maintaining political stability and democratic institutions, as well as the need for a strong and professional military that is committed to defending the constitution and upholding civilian authority.Overall, Aquino's presidency was marked by significant achievements, including the promulgation of a new constitution, implementation of social programs and government reforms, and recognition as a human rights champion. However, her presidency was also marred by controversies, including the Hacienda Luisita issue, where there were allegations that the government was not doing enough to redistribute land to farmers. Additionally, Aquino faced several coup attempts by different factions of the military and political groups. Despite the challenges, her presidency was seen as a significant moment in Philippine history, as it signaled the country's transition to democratic governance and civilian rule.

Maria Corazon Cojuangco-Aquino

Corazon Aquino served as the president of the Philippines from 1986 to 1992, following the People Power Revolution that toppled the author...

Ferdinand E. Marcos

<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrdazfzwjyTx0CXDMtY-5WFGvtQYYe5P2hMCRyrIbWGFn-p-9rM5E7XGPD8iOR7-_CnieN14gg_teigZN14krfZzd60VZwzAFawd9g82icWHC3mCdvXAhLk61AN4ZC9C2H7GI1AUSGAZgCClwpuyBDH7zunKg3guX7vHWJjqjv4VGG_DorCxc9cWAYZg/s520/ferdinand%20marcos.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="250" data-original-width="520" height="193" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrdazfzwjyTx0CXDMtY-5WFGvtQYYe5P2hMCRyrIbWGFn-p-9rM5E7XGPD8iOR7-_CnieN14gg_teigZN14krfZzd60VZwzAFawd9g82icWHC3mCdvXAhLk61AN4ZC9C2H7GI1AUSGAZgCClwpuyBDH7zunKg3guX7vHWJjqjv4VGG_DorCxc9cWAYZg/w400-h193/ferdinand%20marcos.jpg" width="400" /></a></div> Ferdinand E. Marcos served as the president of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986. Here are some of his achievements and legacies during his presidency:<ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Infrastructure Development:</li></ul>        Ferdinand E. Marcos is known for his focus on infrastructure development. During his presidency, he implemented various large-scale projects, such as the construction of major highways, bridges, airports, and irrigation systems. Marcos aimed to modernize the country's infrastructure to improve transportation and communication networks, and facilitate economic growth. One of his most notable projects was the San Juanico Bridge, which links the islands of Samar and Leyte, and is considered the longest bridge in the country.<ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Nuclear Plant:</li></ul>        Another major project implemented during Marcos' regime was the construction of the Bataan Nuclear Power Plant, which was aimed to help address the country's energy needs. However, the plant was controversial due to its location near an earthquake fault line and the potential for a nuclear accident. The plant was never put into operation and has remained unused since its construction.<ul><li>Foreign Debt:</li></ul>        Marcos' infrastructure projects and economic programs, such as the New Society Program and the Kilusang Kabuhayan at Kaunlaran, required significant funding, leading to an increase in foreign debt. Marcos borrowed heavily from international lenders, and by the end of his regime, the country's foreign debt had ballooned to more than $26 billion.<ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Martial Law:</li></ul>        In 1972, Marcos declared martial law, suspending the country's democratic institutions and leading to a period of authoritarian rule. During this time, Marcos implemented a new constitution that granted him extensive powers and consolidated his control over the government. Many individuals were subjected to torture, imprisonment, and extrajudicial killings, and the country's democracy was significantly weakened.<ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Nepotism and Corruption:</li></ul>        Marcos' regime was also characterized by widespread corruption and nepotism. Marcos and his cronies were accused of using their power to enrich themselves and their families, and several high-profile corruption cases were filed against them. His wife, Imelda Marcos, was also known for her extravagant lifestyle and collection of shoes, which came to symbolize the excesses of the regime.<ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Imelda Shoes:</li></ul>        Imelda Marcos, the wife of Ferdinand Marcos, was known for her extravagant lifestyle and collection of shoes. She was famously reported to have owned more than 3,000 pairs of shoes. Her collection of shoes came to symbolize the excesses of the Marcos regime and the gap between the ruling elite and the ordinary Filipinos.Overall, Ferdinand E. Marcos' presidency was marked by both achievements and controversies. While his focus on infrastructure development contributed to the country's progress, his authoritarian rule, human rights abuses, corruption, and excesses also left a lasting impact on the country's political and social landscape.

Ferdinand E. Marcos

Ferdinand E. Marcos served as the president of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986. Here are some of his achievements and legacies during his ...

Carlos P. Garcia

<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSWhA_Q30FFrl0jr40739k8JFTzYHSDKsRy84r_02NcU_8XNPFuOLSx9ZHCc2qLHC6VK5H0-DxiZYWo_twHSYR3pL-Au9cyr3i3iLu11Ev9z7hp_2m-GxK2eT2TwhAx6yp21tyhEvhlxq8QavYU1r9WqavRyPwgU6RcXQW062731nOO8TAxNyEf5WYTw/s520/carlos%20garcia.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="250" data-original-width="520" height="193" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSWhA_Q30FFrl0jr40739k8JFTzYHSDKsRy84r_02NcU_8XNPFuOLSx9ZHCc2qLHC6VK5H0-DxiZYWo_twHSYR3pL-Au9cyr3i3iLu11Ev9z7hp_2m-GxK2eT2TwhAx6yp21tyhEvhlxq8QavYU1r9WqavRyPwgU6RcXQW062731nOO8TAxNyEf5WYTw/w400-h193/carlos%20garcia.jpg" width="400" /></a></div> Carlos P. Garcia served as the president of the Philippines from 1957 to 1961. Here are some of his achievements and legacies during his presidency:<ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Filipino First Policy - One of Garcia's most notable achievements was the introduction of the Filipino First Policy. This policy aimed to prioritize the interests of Filipinos over foreign investors and businesses. It mandated that Filipinos must own at least 60% of any business venture in the country. This policy helped promote the growth of local industries and businesses, and ensured that Filipinos had more control over their economy.</li></ul><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Agrarian reform: Garcia continued the land reform program initiated by his predecessor, Ramon Magsaysay. He focused on improving land productivity and promoting the welfare of farmers, and established the Agricultural Credit and Cooperative Financing Administration to provide financing and technical assistance to farmers.</li></ul></div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Nationalism and cultural identity: Garcia was a staunch advocate for Philippine nationalism and cultural identity. He promoted the use of the national language, Filipino, and established the Cultural Center of the Philippines to promote the country's arts and culture.</li></ul></div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Fiscal discipline and good governance: Garcia was committed to promoting fiscal discipline and good governance. He established the Presidential Complaints and Action Committee to investigate complaints against government officials, and launched a campaign to promote honesty and integrity in government.</li></ul></div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Foreign policy: Garcia pursued an active foreign policy and sought to promote good relations with other countries in the region. He played a key role in the establishment of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), which aimed to promote regional cooperation and economic development.</li></ul>Overall, Garcia's presidency was marked by his emphasis on economic nationalism, agrarian reform, and cultural identity. His legacy as a president who prioritized the interests of Filipinos in economic policies, promoted fiscal discipline and good governance, and sought to promote regional cooperation and development continues to influence Philippine politics and society today.</div>

Carlos P. Garcia

Carlos P. Garcia served as the president of the Philippines from 1957 to 1961. Here are some of his achievements and legacies during his pre...

Elpidio Rivera Quirino

<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLkSw1XFzWAyDSN50Ayqs6XWjEq8f9TGl3W9CqUGS5GqoiriLWQ6MsIWVAJoFdanNOdDM-kjZjrSFnOnSbrMzQTwLdM5jQ40iRjL5atCflGfl8Sqf3NoshkaxLEhM9WrwZADZkscy0D02oUammgNvJbC4zc0B0Is-uXVRuMPoUYU4HmC61qG5Pzo3nqw/s520/elpidio%20quirino.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="250" data-original-width="520" height="193" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLkSw1XFzWAyDSN50Ayqs6XWjEq8f9TGl3W9CqUGS5GqoiriLWQ6MsIWVAJoFdanNOdDM-kjZjrSFnOnSbrMzQTwLdM5jQ40iRjL5atCflGfl8Sqf3NoshkaxLEhM9WrwZADZkscy0D02oUammgNvJbC4zc0B0Is-uXVRuMPoUYU4HmC61qG5Pzo3nqw/w400-h193/elpidio%20quirino.jpg" width="400" /></a></div> Elpidio R. Quirino was the sixth President of the Philippines and served from 1948 to 1953, succeeding Manuel Roxas. Some of his achievements and legacies include:<ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Hukbalahap Rebellion: Quirino faced the Hukbalahap Rebellion, an armed conflict between the Philippine government and the communist Hukbalahap movement. He implemented policies aimed at addressing the root causes of the rebellion, such as poverty and landlessness, and initiated peace negotiations with the rebels. Despite facing criticism for his handling of the rebellion, Quirino's efforts laid the groundwork for future peace talks and eventual peace in the region.</li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Social Security Commission: Quirino established the Social Security Commission in 1950, which provided social security benefits to employees in the private sector. The commission was tasked with ensuring that workers and their families were protected from the financial risks associated with illness, disability, and death. The Social Security System, as it is now known, remains an important legacy of Quirino's presidency.</li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Integrity Board: Quirino created the Integrity Board, which was tasked with investigating and prosecuting cases of graft and corruption in government. The board aimed to promote transparency and accountability in government, and its establishment was seen as a significant step in the fight against corruption.</li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Foreign relations: Quirino pursued a policy of non-alignment in foreign relations, seeking to maintain positive relations with both the United States and other countries. He also played a key role in the establishment of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), which aimed to promote security and stability in the region.</li></ul>Overall, Quirino's legacy is marked by his efforts to address social and economic issues, promote transparency and accountability in government, and maintain positive relations with other countries. His establishment of the Social Security Commission and the Integrity Board remain important legacies of his presidency, as do his efforts to address the Hukbalahap Rebellion and pursue a policy of non-alignment in foreign relations.

Elpidio Rivera Quirino

Elpidio R. Quirino was the sixth President of the Philippines and served from 1948 to 1953, succeeding Manuel Roxas. Some of his achievement...

Manuel Roxas

<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhE1uAWRQn2hdAZW3UAxyaw9NRhZCabLEJ4XcCWeMtcdkzlAUEGxtO5Qn9oKNF1b80dT-ycg_irMrw8yzZxJfZAL5TPOEmkpKW-wyiW7wnDBlm63Kc7cBQcjE4fjiESMjiVNkBYQNKXH0ECquu-ltx_20aMHnHyuOqWNJFzM12X8LtgVn34NzHTMMwegw/s520/manuel%20roxas.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="250" data-original-width="520" height="193" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhE1uAWRQn2hdAZW3UAxyaw9NRhZCabLEJ4XcCWeMtcdkzlAUEGxtO5Qn9oKNF1b80dT-ycg_irMrw8yzZxJfZAL5TPOEmkpKW-wyiW7wnDBlm63Kc7cBQcjE4fjiESMjiVNkBYQNKXH0ECquu-ltx_20aMHnHyuOqWNJFzM12X8LtgVn34NzHTMMwegw/w400-h193/manuel%20roxas.jpg" width="400" /></a></div> Manuel Roxas was the fifth President of the Philippines and served from 1946 to 1948, succeeding Sergio Osmeña Sr. Some of his achievements and legacies include:<ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Manuel Roxas was the first president of the independent Republic of the Philippines, which was established on July 4, 1946, after the country gained full independence from the United States. He was elected as the first president of the Third Republic of the Philippines on April 23, 1946, in the first presidential election held under the new Constitution of the Philippines. His presidency marked a new era for the Philippines, as the country had finally achieved its long-awaited independence after decades of colonial rule.</li><li>Philippine Rehabilitation Act: Roxas signed the Philippine Rehabilitation Act in 1946, which provided for the rehabilitation and reconstruction of the country after the devastation of World War II. The act provided for the allocation of funds for the rebuilding of infrastructure, the repatriation of Filipinos who were forced to work in other countries during the war, and the promotion of economic development.</li><li>Trade Act of 1946: Roxas signed the Trade Act of 1946, which established a new trade relationship between the Philippines and the United States. The act provided for free trade between the two countries, but also placed limits on the Philippine government's ability to regulate certain industries. The act has been criticized for being unfair to the Philippines.</li><li>Promotion of economic development: Roxas was committed to promoting economic development in the Philippines. He implemented policies aimed at attracting foreign investment and encouraging local businesses. He also established the Central Bank of the Philippines, which was tasked with promoting monetary stability and economic growth.</li><li>Advocacy for social justice: Roxas was a strong advocate for social justice and worked to address issues such as land reform, labor rights, and poverty. He established the Social Security System, which provided benefits to workers and their families, and the Tenancy Act, which aimed to protect the rights of tenants.</li><li>Advocacy for Philippine independence: Roxas was a staunch advocate for Philippine independence and worked to ensure that the country remained on the path towards full independence. He oversaw the drafting of the Philippine Constitution, which was ratified in 1947 and established the country as a republic.</li></ul>Overall, Roxas's legacy is marked by his commitment to economic development, social justice, and Philippine independence. His signing of the Philippine Rehabilitation Act helped to rebuild the country after the war, while his establishment of the Central Bank of the Philippines and advocacy for foreign investment helped to promote economic growth. His advocacy for social justice and Philippine independence also remain important legacies of his presidency.

Manuel Roxas

Manuel Roxas was the fifth President of the Philippines and served from 1946 to 1948, succeeding Sergio Osmeña Sr. Some of his achievement...

Sergio Osmeña Sr.

<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiB2DZ_KC7su5hzS-95KXUQBSRmdRJdHdtRsfLHAqMLNK6N8KVwSuIeTojIPwnqgRbmNUlzM0Zc-86dWsRY6flyH1xVkFDlm7zBQxaRpAN1U2C6rkAzsTa-hGE0zSSPhKTa2GnvSuDmpfnCfes_8CRine6_EeEKI7U0UfRjHVpwdXp031tYg77wYKC9tQ/s520/sergio%20osmena.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="250" data-original-width="520" height="193" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiB2DZ_KC7su5hzS-95KXUQBSRmdRJdHdtRsfLHAqMLNK6N8KVwSuIeTojIPwnqgRbmNUlzM0Zc-86dWsRY6flyH1xVkFDlm7zBQxaRpAN1U2C6rkAzsTa-hGE0zSSPhKTa2GnvSuDmpfnCfes_8CRine6_EeEKI7U0UfRjHVpwdXp031tYg77wYKC9tQ/w400-h193/sergio%20osmena.jpg" width="400" /></a></div> Sergio Osmeña Sr. was the fourth President of the Philippines and served from 1944 to 1946, succeeding Manuel L. Quezon. Some of his achievements and legacies include:<ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Establishment of the Philippine National Bank: Osmeña played a crucial role in the establishment of the Philippine National Bank, which was created to serve as the country's central bank. The bank was tasked with promoting economic development and providing financial stability.</li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Bell Trade Act: In 1946, Osmeña signed the Bell Trade Act, which established a trade relationship between the Philippines and the United States. The act provided for duty-free access for Philippine products to the US market, while the Philippines agreed to purchase a certain percentage of US goods.</li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Reconstruction efforts: Osmeña oversaw the reconstruction efforts following the devastation of World War II. He worked to rebuild the country's infrastructure, including roads, bridges, and public buildings.</li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Promotion of education: Osmeña was a strong advocate for education and worked to expand access to education in the Philippines. He increased funding for public schools and established the Philippine Veterans Administration, which provided education benefits to veterans.</li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Promotion of Philippine independence: Osmeña was a staunch advocate for Philippine independence and worked to ensure that the country would become fully independent. He represented the Philippines in the negotiations that led to the recognition of Philippine independence in 1946.</li></ul>Overall, Osmeña's legacy is marked by his contributions to Philippine banking, trade, and infrastructure. His establishment of the Philippine National Bank and signing of the Bell Trade Act were significant steps towards economic development, while his reconstruction efforts helped to rebuild the country after the war. His advocacy for education and Philippine independence also remain important legacies of his presidency

Sergio Osmeña Sr.

Sergio Osmeña Sr. was the fourth President of the Philippines and served from 1944 to 1946, succeeding Manuel L. Quezon. Some of his achie...

José P. Laurel

<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJJubRs9k8KHyTTa_C5Hv0tsabiW9B_EKAIyEPlBVDO-TUIcYr6XNfeBAyMsZjRpMO20KOREvCI-WJIg-nKJ7J1LfI3_lVH-dobkj_WJBWI5oeA2CZGEnxSIvv4qJQTOkk4YkMr98YH3y6VHmKMFN13SP2JhFXsuRQVWRhD274IMCU292N38jD6c0_AA/s520/jose%20laurel.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="250" data-original-width="520" height="193" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJJubRs9k8KHyTTa_C5Hv0tsabiW9B_EKAIyEPlBVDO-TUIcYr6XNfeBAyMsZjRpMO20KOREvCI-WJIg-nKJ7J1LfI3_lVH-dobkj_WJBWI5oeA2CZGEnxSIvv4qJQTOkk4YkMr98YH3y6VHmKMFN13SP2JhFXsuRQVWRhD274IMCU292N38jD6c0_AA/w400-h193/jose%20laurel.jpg" width="400" /></a></div> José P. Laurel was the president of the Philippines from 1943 to 1945, during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines. His presidency is controversial, and his legacy is a subject of debate. Here are some of his achievements and legacies:<ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Establishment of KALIBAPI: In 1943, Laurel established the KALIBAPI or Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas , which was the ruling political party during the Japanese occupation. KALIBAPI served as a means for Laurel to cooperate with the Japanese authorities and maintain some degree of Philippine autonomy (Second Philippine Republic).</li><li>Establishment of Lyceum of the Philippines University: In 1952, Laurel founded the Lyceum of the Philippines University, which has since become one of the leading universities in the country. The university was established with the goal of providing high-quality education to Filipinos, especially those from underprivileged backgrounds.</li><li>Advocacy for Filipino unity: Laurel was a strong advocate for Filipino unity and worked towards achieving national reconciliation and healing after the tumultuous events of the war. He called for the establishment of a "spiritual union" among Filipinos to overcome the divisions caused by the war.</li><li>Restoration of Philippine sovereignty: Laurel worked to restore Philippine sovereignty and independence following the end of the war. He cooperated with the Allied powers and signed the 1946 Treaty of Manila, which recognized Philippine independence.</li><li>Promotion of Filipino culture: Laurel was a staunch advocate for Filipino culture and language. He established the Commission on National Language and pushed for the adoption of Tagalog as the national language of the Philippines.</li><li>Controversial legacy: Laurel's presidency is controversial due to his collaboration with the Japanese occupiers. Some Filipinos view him as a traitor, while others argue that he did what he could to protect Filipinos during a difficult time. His legacy is a subject of ongoing debate and interpretation.</li></ul>Overall, Laurel's legacy is marked by his commitment to Filipino unity, culture, and education. His establishment of the Lyceum of the Philippines University is a significant contribution to Philippine education, while his advocacy for national reconciliation and healing following the war helped to bring the country together. However, his association with the KALIBAPI party during the Japanese occupation remains a controversial aspect of his presidency.

José P. Laurel

José P. Laurel was the president of the Philippines from 1943 to 1945, during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines. His presidency i...

Manuel L. Quezon

<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCo7e4t8NAxCVEM3oANd5ezhmxbTDcwXIZHZur7RQjEnm4viD1nO8VsvcEPHT_Au_kxeuuM5_eid-hpElH9z5GHXNh-Xw8htuNq8v0Q7aOwvG1YCt4llUE0JJVO2j-cwF8ixmMNUwLmevdSQbDZQAa8v9oX8zjbJNuWYX8m8J7y06oWB8mhmWqKYS13Q/s520/manuel%20quezon.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="250" data-original-width="520" height="193" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCo7e4t8NAxCVEM3oANd5ezhmxbTDcwXIZHZur7RQjEnm4viD1nO8VsvcEPHT_Au_kxeuuM5_eid-hpElH9z5GHXNh-Xw8htuNq8v0Q7aOwvG1YCt4llUE0JJVO2j-cwF8ixmMNUwLmevdSQbDZQAa8v9oX8zjbJNuWYX8m8J7y06oWB8mhmWqKYS13Q/w400-h193/manuel%20quezon.jpg" width="400" /></a></div> Manuel L. Quezon was the second president of the Philippines and served from 1935 until his death in 1944. Here are some of his achievements and legacies during his presidency:<ul style="text-align: left;"><li></li><li>Commonwealth government: Quezon is credited with the establishment of the Commonwealth government of the Philippines, which was a transition period between Philippine independence from the United States and the establishment of a fully independent Philippine Republic.</li><li>Social Justice: He championed social justice and was committed to improving the welfare of the Filipino people, especially the poor and marginalized. He initiated various social welfare programs, such as the establishment of the National Development Company and the National Rice and Corn Corporation.</li><li>Education: Quezon recognized the importance of education in nation-building, and his administration established the Department of Education and provided funding for the construction of schools and the training of teachers. He also established the Philippine Science High School, which is now one of the top science high schools in the country.</li><li>Philippine Language: He advocated for the use of the Philippine language, and his administration made Tagalog the national language of the Philippines. He also pushed for the creation of a national language commission to develop and promote the use of the Philippine language.</li><li>International relations: Quezon was a staunch defender of Philippine sovereignty and worked to establish diplomatic ties with other nations. He represented the Philippines in the Commonwealth conferences and lobbied for the recognition of Philippine independence.</li><li>War Efforts: During World War II, Quezon led the Philippine government-in-exile and worked to rally support for the Philippine resistance movement. He also played a key role in securing military aid from the United States and other allies.</li><li>Quezon also extended help to Jewish refugees fleeing persecution in Europe during the Holocaust. In 1939, he agreed to accept 10,000 Jewish refugees into the Philippines despite objections from the US government and some members of his own cabinet. Although the plan was not fully realized due to the outbreak of World War II, Quezon's humanitarian gesture towards the Jewish people is a testament to his compassion and empathy towards those who were suffering from oppression and discrimination. This act of kindness and generosity has been recognized by Israel, and Quezon was posthumously awarded the title "Righteous Among the Nations" by Yad Vashem, the Holocaust memorial museum in Jerusalem.</li></ul>However, it's also important to note that Quezon's presidency was not without controversy. He was criticized for his handling of the Hukbalahap Rebellion, a communist insurgency that began during his presidency, and for his support of the Tydings-McDuffie Act, which limited Filipino independence and allowed the United States to retain significant control over the country. Nonetheless, Quezon's achievements and legacies as a leader have left a lasting impact on the Philippines.

Manuel L. Quezon

Manuel L. Quezon was the second president of the Philippines and served from 1935 until his death in 1944. Here are some of his achievemen...

Emilio Aguinaldo

<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDQl_eX3yuCYHA3TyfB6YSxrApTRmmbrp06yboVASykgCNQfbs9qgaM5kiXwU4HbcuJmyO3ljxjNhdQtxaZFgewqYbbSr1Vit1Llqw9ukauzZDqZN0NWZqMigWWlm1w1y2VInFI2IViNBEQHhIkiwppA_BcqlUmPX-GSMy83gZPsiw2oT2jMOMxFxdWw/s520/emilio%20aguinaldo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="250" data-original-width="520" height="193" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDQl_eX3yuCYHA3TyfB6YSxrApTRmmbrp06yboVASykgCNQfbs9qgaM5kiXwU4HbcuJmyO3ljxjNhdQtxaZFgewqYbbSr1Vit1Llqw9ukauzZDqZN0NWZqMigWWlm1w1y2VInFI2IViNBEQHhIkiwppA_BcqlUmPX-GSMy83gZPsiw2oT2jMOMxFxdWw/w400-h193/emilio%20aguinaldo.jpg" width="400" /></a></div> Emilio Aguinaldo is widely regarded as the first president of the Philippines, serving from 1899 to 1901. During his presidency, he led the Philippine Revolution against Spanish colonial rule and subsequently fought against American occupation of the country. Here are some of his achievements and legacies during his presidency:<ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Proclamation of Philippine Independence: On June 12, 1898, Aguinaldo proclaimed Philippine independence from Spain, establishing the first Philippine Republic. This was a significant milestone in the country's history, as it marked the end of over 300 years of Spanish colonial rule.</li><li>Establishment of a government: During his presidency, Aguinaldo established a government that was modeled after the United States. He also created a constitution for the Philippines, which was approved on January 21, 1899.</li><li>Military victories: Aguinaldo led the Philippine Revolutionary Army in several successful battles against both Spanish and American forces. His leadership and military prowess were crucial in securing Philippine independence.</li><li>Educational reforms: Aguinaldo was a strong advocate for education and worked to establish schools and universities throughout the country. He also implemented policies to promote the use of the Filipino language in schools.</li><li>Legacy of resistance: Even after his presidency ended, Aguinaldo continued to fight against American colonial rule. His legacy of resistance and commitment to Philippine independence inspired many other Filipino leaders to continue the struggle for freedom.</li></ul>However, it's also important to note that Aguinaldo's presidency was not without controversy. He was criticized for his handling of the Philippine-American War and his willingness to collaborate with the Americans. Some historians also question his role in the execution of Filipino hero, Andres Bonifacio, during the Philippine Revolution.Overall, Aguinaldo's presidency was a pivotal moment in Philippine history, marking the country's first steps towards independence and self-governance. His legacy as a revolutionary leader and champion of Philippine independence remains an important part of the country's national identity.

Emilio Aguinaldo

Emilio Aguinaldo is widely regarded as the first president of the Philippines, serving from 1899 to 1901. During his presidency, he led the ...

LET Reviewer in Araling Panlipunan / Social Studies

<h3 style="text-align: left;">Sample multiple choice questions in Social Studies:</h3> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEvhl1nX5nLsdKAkTz3aDW9knjUlkedKmPYUEkpm7sfEvofzmVaQkozu23UobsjrnVQqgFYj01oqupJaf9WH697oGuys_21ohd03gQsY77h7-TwVN67xXQ7ce9zfTqEHWHIRbQ0ztZOjRaTyPClx4Ur4RWcAuHb-mWfPFxudiSbQ0oqRLkFqYj1rxoqg/s600/mcqs-social-studies.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="250" data-original-width="600" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEvhl1nX5nLsdKAkTz3aDW9knjUlkedKmPYUEkpm7sfEvofzmVaQkozu23UobsjrnVQqgFYj01oqupJaf9WH697oGuys_21ohd03gQsY77h7-TwVN67xXQ7ce9zfTqEHWHIRbQ0ztZOjRaTyPClx4Ur4RWcAuHb-mWfPFxudiSbQ0oqRLkFqYj1rxoqg/s16000/mcqs-social-studies.jpg" /></a></div> 1. What is the name of the first Filipino to win the Nobel Peace Prize?a) Jose Rizalb) Corazon Aquinoc) Benigno Aquino Jr.d) Carlos P. Romulo 2. Which of the following is a primary function of the legislative branch of government in the Philippines?a) To interpret lawsb) To enforce lawsc) To make lawsd) To settle legal disputes 3 Which of the following economic systems is characterized by private ownership of the means of production and the pursuit of profit?a) Capitalismb) Socialismc) Communismd) Feudalism 4. What is the capital of the Philippines?a) Manilab) Cebuc) Davaod) Quezon City 5. What is the name of the ancient writing system used by the Tagalog people?a) Baybayinb) Alibatac) Kudlitd) Abakada 6. Which of the following is a characteristic of a traditional Filipino family?a) It is patriarchal, with the father as the head of the household.b) It is matriarchal, with the mother as the head of the household.c) It is egalitarian, with both parents sharing equal responsibilities.d) It is nuclear, with only parents and their children living in the same household. 7. What is the name of the government agency responsible for implementing programs and policies related to health in the Philippines?a) Department of Educationb) Department of Healthc) Department of Social Welfare and Developmentd) Department of Agriculture 8. What is the largest island in the Philippines?a) Luzonb) Mindanaoc) Palawand) Visayas 9. Which of the following religions is practiced by the majority of Filipinos?a) Christianityb) Buddhismc) Hinduismd) Islam 10. What is the significance of the Battle of Mactan in Philippine history?a) It marked the beginning of Spanish colonization in the Philippines.b) It was the first successful revolution against Spanish rule.c) It showed the strength and bravery of Filipinos against foreign invaders.d) It led to the establishment of the first Philippine Republic. 11. Which of the following is a characteristic of a democratic government?a) The ruler has absolute power.b) The ruler is elected by the people and is accountable to them.c) The ruler is chosen by God or a higher power.d) The ruler is determined by birthright or family lineage. 12. What is the primary goal of economic development in the Philippines?a) To increase the GDP and national income.b) To promote social welfare and reduce poverty.c) To establish a socialist economic system.d) To prioritize the interests of foreign investors. 13. What is the importance of the Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) in the Philippines?a) It is a major agricultural region that produces rice, corn, and other crops.b) It is home to several indigenous communities and cultures.c) It is a hub for international trade and commerce.d) It is the location of the Philippine capital city. 14. What is the role of cultural anthropology in Araling Panlipunan?a) To study the historical events and movements that shaped Philippine culture.b) To explore the traditional beliefs, customs, and practices of Filipino communities.c) To analyze the economic factors that contribute to the development of Philippine society.d) To investigate the political institutions and systems that govern the Philippines. 15. What is the significance of the 1986 People Power Revolution in Philippine history?a) It marked the beginning of American colonization in the Philippines.b) It was the first successful coup d'état against a Philippine president.c) It showed the power of mass mobilization in effecting political change.d) It led to the establishment of a communist government in the Philippines. 16. Which of the following is a characteristic of a mixed economy?a) The government owns and controls all means of production.b) The economy is completely free market with no government intervention.c) The economy is a combination of private enterprise and government control.d) The economy is planned and controlled by a single party or ruling class. 17. What is the importance of the Tubbataha Reef Natural Park in the Philippines?a) It is a major agricultural region that produces rice, corn, and other crops.b) It is home to several indigenous communities and cultures.c) It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a biodiversity hotspot.d) It is the site of a major historical event or landmark. 18. What is the primary goal of sociology in Araling Panlipunan?a) To study the historical events and movements that shaped Philippine culture.b) To explore the traditional beliefs, customs, and practices of Filipino communities.c) To analyze the economic factors that contribute to the development of Philippine society.d) To investigate the social behavior and interactions of individuals and groups in Philippine society. 19. Which of the following is a characteristic of a federal government?a) All power is centralized in the national government.b) The government is headed by a monarch or royal family.c) The government is divided into two or more levels, with power shared between them.d) The government is a one-party state with a single ruling party. 20. What is the role of Philippine history in Araling Panlipunan?a) To study the natural and physical features of the Philippines.b) To analyze the economic factors that contribute to the development of Philippine society.c) To explore the cultural diversity and heritage of the Philippines.d) To understand the political and social events and movements that shaped Philippine society. <h3 style="text-align: left;">Answers to the sample multiple choice questions in Araling Panlipunan:</h3>1) d) Carlos P. Romulo<o:p></o:p>

2) c) To make laws<o:p></o:p>

3) a) Capitalism<o:p></o:p>

4) a) Manila<o:p></o:p>

5) a) Baybayin<o:p></o:p>

6) a) It is patriarchal, with the
father as the head of the household.<o:p></o:p>

7) b) Department of Health<o:p></o:p>

8) a) Luzon<o:p></o:p>

9) a) Christianity<o:p></o:p>

10) c) It showed the strength and
bravery of Filipinos against foreign invaders.<o:p></o:p>

11) b) The ruler is elected by the
people and is accountable to them.<o:p></o:p>

12) b) To promote social welfare
and reduce poverty.<o:p></o:p>

13) b) It is home to several
indigenous communities and cultures.<o:p></o:p>

14) b) To explore the traditional
beliefs, customs, and practices of Filipino communities.<o:p></o:p>

15) c) It showed the power of mass
mobilization in effecting political change.<o:p></o:p>

16) c) The economy is a
combination of private enterprise and government control.<o:p></o:p>

17) c) It is a UNESCO World
Heritage Site and a biodiversity hotspot.<o:p></o:p>

18) d) To investigate the social
behavior and interactions of individuals and groups in Philippine society.<o:p></o:p>

19) c) The government is divided
into two or more levels, with power shared between them.<o:p></o:p>

20) d) To understand the political
and social events and movements that shaped Philippine society.<o:p></o:p>

LET Reviewer in Araling Panlipunan / Social Studies

Sample multiple choice questions in Social Studies: 1. What is the name of the first Filipino to win the Nobel Peace Prize? a) Jose Rizal b)...

Philippine Presidents: Their Achievements and Contributions

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Since independence in 1898 and the ratification of the Philippine Constitution in the First Republic, there have been 16 presidents. Starting with General Emilio Aguinaldo all the way to current president Rodrigo Duterte, this article details each president's particular contributions and achievements while in office.</div>
 
1. Emilio Aguinaldo 1899-1901 (<a href="https://www.infinithink.org/2023/03/emilio-aguinaldo.html" target="_blank">More details</a>) 
 
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1Ms8yt9o_W_kzYiHBGrVFq9tR_gr0Cd6XrX-u-v-zx6eYf-JL1-NSafs8kQKMBL4MunqkQqee_MmKYiBksTAq-qazE8eg4Ttd_5-6hC2-eI4B6acpNG_M-nfk7fKvTEkBHtom-7eFglyJ/s1600/emilio+aguinaldo.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Emilio Aguinaldo" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1Ms8yt9o_W_kzYiHBGrVFq9tR_gr0Cd6XrX-u-v-zx6eYf-JL1-NSafs8kQKMBL4MunqkQqee_MmKYiBksTAq-qazE8eg4Ttd_5-6hC2-eI4B6acpNG_M-nfk7fKvTEkBHtom-7eFglyJ/s1600/emilio+aguinaldo.jpg" title="Emilio Aguinaldo" /></a></div>
 
One way to remember the first president of the Philippines First Republic is to look at the five peso coin. Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo's face used to grace the five peso bill (which is not used anymore). The back of the bill shows him holding the Philippine flag at the celebration of the Philippine Independence Day. 
 
Achievements, Contributions and Legacies: 
<ul>
<li>first (and only) president of the First Republic (Malolo Republic)</li>
<li>signed the Pact of Biak-na-Bato, creating a truce between the Spanish and Philippine revolutionaries</li>
<li>known as the President of the Revolutionary Government</li>
<li>led the Philippines in the Spanish-Philippine War and the American-Philippine War</li>
<li>youngest president, taking office at age 28</li>
<li>longest-lived president, passing away at 94</li>
</ul>
 
2. <a href="https://www.infinithink.org/2023/03/manuel-l-quezon.html" target="_blank">Manuel L. Quezon, 1935-1944</a> 
 
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinYRelTihBMKSowpzCAg4KMEeIyZvaorn7IHPCAuxiQTYc5VxqzX96vehxqbBkQJKk7gMzuH8fAOd55yk_GhDG9bCwq-hebf1qGKmhjeVAdi75gs6dfSlQzqSTarfcR7We4FNqno1o8rgY/s1600/manuel+quezon.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Manuel L. Quezon" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinYRelTihBMKSowpzCAg4KMEeIyZvaorn7IHPCAuxiQTYc5VxqzX96vehxqbBkQJKk7gMzuH8fAOd55yk_GhDG9bCwq-hebf1qGKmhjeVAdi75gs6dfSlQzqSTarfcR7We4FNqno1o8rgY/s1600/manuel+quezon.jpg" title="Manuel L. Quezon" /></a></div>
 
After 34 years of Insular Government under American rule, Philippine voters elected Manuel Luis Quezon first president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines. He is known as the “Father of National Language” (Ama ng Wikang Pambansa). He died of tuberculosis in Saranac Lake, New York. 
 
Achievements, Contributions and Legacies: 
<ul>
<li>first Senate president elected as President of the Philippines</li>
<li>first president elected through a national election</li>
<li>first president under the Commonwealth</li>
<li>created National Council of Education</li>
<li>initiated women’s suffrage in the Philippines during the Commonwealth</li>
<li>approved Tagalog/Filipino as the national language of the Philippines</li>
<li>appears on the twenty-peso bill</li>
<li>a province, a city, a bridge and a university in Manila are named after him</li>
<li>his body lies within the special monument on Quezon Memorial Circle</li>
<li>accepted some 1300 jewish refugees, thus saving their lives from the "holocaust"</li>
</ul>
 
3. <a href="https://www.infinithink.org/2023/03/jose-p-laurel.html" target="_blank">José P. Laurel, 1943-1945</a> 
 
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-Dkt-8DSheKttph-VSg_geoPH6aTTJEkM0xLNUzvyMa9njTTTtP04omTmQ-tMrEodwhzmD5p-4ZwwOgcnxnI2DwhR5YONkXCifwrm5jhve7RKXRbGDkGP258g_2-Aok6CULrpbiypqyq5/s1600/jose+laurel.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="José P. Laurel" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-Dkt-8DSheKttph-VSg_geoPH6aTTJEkM0xLNUzvyMa9njTTTtP04omTmQ-tMrEodwhzmD5p-4ZwwOgcnxnI2DwhR5YONkXCifwrm5jhve7RKXRbGDkGP258g_2-Aok6CULrpbiypqyq5/s1600/jose+laurel.jpg" title="José P. Laurel" /></a></div>
 
José P. Laurel's presidency is controversial. He was officially the government's caretaker during the Japanese occupation of World War II. Criticized as a traitor by some, his indictment for treason was superseded later by an amnesty proclamation in 1948. 
 
Achievements, Contributions and Legacies: 
<ul>
<li>since the early 1960s, Laurel considered a legitimate president of the Philippines</li>
<li>organized KALIBAPI (Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas, or Association for Service to the New Philippines), a provisional government during Japanese occupation</li>
<li>declared Martial Law and war between the Philippines and the U.S./United Kingdom in 1944</li>
<li>with his family, established the Lyceum of the Philippines</li>
</ul>
 
4. <a href="https://www.infinithink.org/2023/03/sergio-osmena.html" target="_blank">Sergio Osmeña, 1944-1946</a> 
 
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgd9JYyyZ0Ju278qAIXWAN7gPhensOJPJrmuFSJ_zbhI2KornHDRCQ5zDO5bJ6h28xr5-heNCDzlxL8KaSrKb4lxkQEGawRE-hF3rBuy308bRP3bO6Jk9xydiOcVEtDfAkIWi_8HN2SGIw4/s1600/sergio+osmena.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Sergio Osmeña" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgd9JYyyZ0Ju278qAIXWAN7gPhensOJPJrmuFSJ_zbhI2KornHDRCQ5zDO5bJ6h28xr5-heNCDzlxL8KaSrKb4lxkQEGawRE-hF3rBuy308bRP3bO6Jk9xydiOcVEtDfAkIWi_8HN2SGIw4/s1600/sergio+osmena.jpg" title="Sergio Osmeña" /></a></div>
 
Sergio Osmeña was the second president of the Commonwealth. During his presidency, the Philippines joined the International Monetary Fund. 
 
Contributions, Achievements and Notable Events: 
<ul>
<li>became president at 65, making him the oldest person to hold office</li>
<li>first Visayan to become president</li>
<li>joined with U.S. Gen. Douglas McArthur in Leyte on October 20, 1944 to begin restoration of Philippine freedom after Japanese occupation</li>
<li>Philippine National Bank was rehabilitated and the country joined the International Monetary Fund during his presidency</li>
<li>Bell Trade Act was approved by the U.S. Congress during his presidency</li>
<li>appears on the 50-peso bill</li>
</ul>
 
5. <a href="https://www.infinithink.org/2023/03/manuel-roxas.html" target="_blank">Manuel Roxas, 1946-1948</a> 
 
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9s506JnmE6tRnlhc1gPcc4mhmUMm7tTtuuAKBePVOuZ-o78cCiEBtzHDYki5ji-CWlkcLMXtq7c7ZpJ5NCSk9A6X_qzvZg2EjaVV5kM6wRHV92x2f01kf_1Je3zctDeuutuMvZG1WbiT7/s1600/manuel+roxas.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Manuel Roxas" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9s506JnmE6tRnlhc1gPcc4mhmUMm7tTtuuAKBePVOuZ-o78cCiEBtzHDYki5ji-CWlkcLMXtq7c7ZpJ5NCSk9A6X_qzvZg2EjaVV5kM6wRHV92x2f01kf_1Je3zctDeuutuMvZG1WbiT7/s1600/manuel+roxas.jpg" title="Manuel Roxas" /></a></div>
 
Manuel Roxas was the fifth president of the Philippines: the third (and last) president under the Commonwealth, and the first president of the Third Republic of the Philippines. He held office for only one year, 10 months, and 18 days. 
 
Contributions, Achievements and Notable Events: 
<ul>
<li>inaugurated as the first president of the new Republic after World War II</li>
<li>reconstruction from war damage and life without foreign rule began during his presidency</li>
<li>under his term, the Philippine Rehabilitation Act and Philippine Trade Act laws were accepted by Congress</li>
<li>appears on the 100-peso bill</li>
</ul>
 
6. <a href="https://www.infinithink.org/2023/03/elpidio-quirino.html" target="_blank">Elpidio Quirino, 1948-1953</a> 
 
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj11wQFP9k-QuBrxEGs59gHtd2KE4pqFGtwwWZkI4ufHW9g7rkdegimQq1FefU3L6RkZM8iK2U-6iefZY6kW40_vb0N9dspYoCizxC-cAUEeUU58Tog2klhuZpSjfkW5Dt_X6KGChHLEwzQ/s1600/elpidio+quirino.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Elpidio Quirino" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj11wQFP9k-QuBrxEGs59gHtd2KE4pqFGtwwWZkI4ufHW9g7rkdegimQq1FefU3L6RkZM8iK2U-6iefZY6kW40_vb0N9dspYoCizxC-cAUEeUU58Tog2klhuZpSjfkW5Dt_X6KGChHLEwzQ/s1600/elpidio+quirino.jpg" title="Elpidio Quirino" /></a></div>
 
Elpidio Quirino served as vice president under Manuel Roxas. When Roxas died in 1948, Quirino became president. 
 
Contributions, Achievements and Notable Events: 
<ul>
<li>Hukbalahap guerrilla movement active during his presidency </li>
<li>created Social Security Commission</li>
<li>created Integrity Board to monitor graft and corruption</li>
<li>Quezon City became capital of the Philippines in 1948</li>
</ul>
 
7. <a href="https://www.infinithink.org/2023/03/ramon-magsaysay.html" target="_blank">Ramon Magsaysay, 1953-1957</a> 
 
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrxpsKYeW_NzVmWC9-Yvz_TAz7mtwTk7nM12CHXypMdtjfHeMDiNh_Yr4x-Zc2OdyowCT0ZEnc9qNpIx1efIa4gaP8VR_Ipm60QJNjhEPyVMPB6GR0ALxbd22DcabL0ETwSCDJ84SCSSc9/s1600/ramon+magsaysay.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Ramon Magsaysay" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrxpsKYeW_NzVmWC9-Yvz_TAz7mtwTk7nM12CHXypMdtjfHeMDiNh_Yr4x-Zc2OdyowCT0ZEnc9qNpIx1efIa4gaP8VR_Ipm60QJNjhEPyVMPB6GR0ALxbd22DcabL0ETwSCDJ84SCSSc9/s1600/ramon+magsaysay.jpg" title="Ramon Magsaysay" /></a></div>
 
Ramon Magsaysay was born in Iba, Zambales. He was a military governor and an engineer. He died in an aircraft disaster while boarding the presidential plane. 
 
Contributions, Achievements and Notable Events: 
<ul>
<li>Hukbalahap movement quelled during his presidency</li>
<li>chairman of the Committee on Guerilla Affairs</li>
<li>first president sworn into office wearing Barong Tagalog during inauguration</li>
<li>presidency referred to as the Philippines' "Golden Years" for its lack of corruption</li>
<li>Philippines was ranked second in Asia’s clean and well-governed countries during his presidency</li>
<li>established National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA) among other agrarian reforms</li>
</ul>
 
8. <a href="https://www.infinithink.org/2023/03/carlos-p-garcia.html" target="_blank">Carlos P. Garcia, 1957-1961</a> 
 
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A lawyer, poet, and teacher, Carlos P. Garcia also served as a guerilla leader during the Pacific War. Born in Bohol, Garcia serviced as vice president under Ramon Magsaysay and as secretary of Foreign Affairs for four years. He became president when Magsaysay died in 1957. 
 
Contributions, Achievements and Notable Events: 
<ul>
<li>known for “Filipino First Policy,” which favored Filipino businesses over foreign investors</li>
<li>established the Austerity Program focusing on Filipino trade and commerce</li>
<li>known as the “Prince of Visayan Poets” and the “Bard from Bohol”</li>
<li>cultural arts was revived during his term</li>
<li>was the first president to have his remains buried at the Libingan ng mga Bayani</li>
</ul>
 
9. <a href="https://www.infinithink.org/2023/03/diosdado-macapagal.html" target="_blank">Diosdado Macapagal, 1961-1965</a> 
 
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglyEgnCpuf867jBlvtCrQwAyzY2IdB3Uo3-M2TFG9GVy6yZ4AHgqUPjFLQEvZdtaUynLf6Mp1C2Q6vlmjgiuS3gLULHnQTA89bZjXQYgfNO8kZ35jsNF4wSXKDFoVCACqUXBP63LWPiS81/s1600/diosdado+macapagal.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Diosdado Macapagal" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglyEgnCpuf867jBlvtCrQwAyzY2IdB3Uo3-M2TFG9GVy6yZ4AHgqUPjFLQEvZdtaUynLf6Mp1C2Q6vlmjgiuS3gLULHnQTA89bZjXQYgfNO8kZ35jsNF4wSXKDFoVCACqUXBP63LWPiS81/s1600/diosdado+macapagal.jpg" title="Diosdado Macapagal" /></a></div>
 
Born in Lubao, Pampanga, Diosdado Macapagal was a lawyer and professor. His daughter Gloria Macapagal Arroyo was the 14th, and second female, president of the Philippines. 
 
Contribution, Achievements and Notable Events: 
<ul>
<li>established the first Land Reform Law, allowing for the purchase of private farmland to be distributed in inexpensive, small lots to the landless</li>
<li>placed the Philippine peso on the currency exchange market</li>
<li>declared June 12, 1898 to be Philippines’ Independence Day</li>
<li>signed the Minimum Wage Law</li>
<li>created the Philippine Veteran’s Bank</li>
<li>currently on the 200-peso bill</li>
</ul>
 
10. <a href="https://www.infinithink.org/2023/03/ferdinand-e-marcos.html" target="_blank">Ferdinand Marcos, 1965-1886</a> 
 
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Born in Sarrat, Ilocos Norte, Ferdinand Edralin Marcos was a lawyer and Senate President for three years. He was president for 21 years. He ruled under martial law and his dictatorship was known for its corruption and brutality. Marcos was removed from office after the People Power Revolution. 
 
Contributions, Achievements and Notable Events: 
<ul>
<li>first president to win a second term</li>
<li>before and during his first term, the Philippines was the second largest economy in Asia, behind only Japan</li>
<li>declared Martial Law on Sept. 22, 1972</li>
<li>increased the size of Philippine military and armed forces</li>
<li>by 1980 the Philippine GNP was four times greater than 1972</li>
<li>by 1986 the Philippines was one of the most indebted countries in Asia</li>
<li>built more schools, roads, bridges, hospitals, and other infrastructure than all former presidents combined (note: he was the longest serving president)</li>
<li><strike>the only president whose remains are interred inside a refrigerated crypt</strike></li>
</ul>
 
11. <a href="https://www.infinithink.org/2023/03/corazon-aquino.html" target="_blank">Corazon Aquino, 1986-1992</a> 
 
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The first woman president of the Philippines and the first woman to become president of an Asian country, Corazon Aquino was born in Paniqui, Tarlac. She was a prominent figure in the People Power Revolution that brought down Ferdinand Marcos' dictatorship. Her husband, Benigno Aquino Jr., was a senator during the Marcos regime and its strongest critic. He was assassinated while Marcos was still in power. 
 
Contributions, Achievements and Notable Events: 
<ul>
<li>first woman to be president of the Philippines or any Asian country</li>
<li>restored democracy</li>
<li>abolished the 1973 Marcos Constitution and ushered in the new Constitution of the Philippines</li>
<li>reorganized the structure of the executive branch of government</li>
<li>signed the Family Code of 1987, a major civil law reform, and 1191 Local Government Code, which reorganized the structure of the executive branch of government</li>
<li>initiated charitable and social activities helping the poor and the needy</li>
<li>named “Woman of the Year” in 1986 by Time magazine</li>
<li>on the new 500-peso bill together with her husband Benigno Aquino</li>
<li>Received honors and awards including: 100 Women Who Shaped World History, 20 Most Influential Asians of the 20th Century, 65 Great Asian Heroes, J. William Fulbright Prize for International Understanding</li>
</ul>
 
12. <a href="https://www.infinithink.org/2023/03/fidel-v-ramos.html" target="_blank">Fidel V. Ramos, 1992-1998</a> 
 
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Fidel V. Ramos was the chief-of-staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines before he became president. He was also a civil engineer. As president, he restored economic growth and stability in the country, even during the Asian Financial Crisis in 1997. He is the first, and so far the only, non-Catholic president of the Philippines. 
 
Contributions, Achievements and Notable Events: 
<ul>
<li>oversaw Philippine economic growth</li>
<li>presided over celebrations of Philippine Independence Centennial in 1998</li>
<li>received British Knighthood from the United Kingdom by Queen Elizabeth II (Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St. Michael and St. George)</li>
<li>hosted the fourth Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Leader's Summit in the Philippines in 1996</li>
<li>Philippine Stock Exchange became an international favorite during his presidency</li>
<li>death penalty reinstated while he was in office</li>
<li>signed peace agreement with the rebel Moro National Liberation Front</li>
</ul>
 
13. <a href="https://www.infinithink.org/2023/03/joseph-estrada.html" target="_blank">Joseph Estrada, 1998-2001</a> 
 
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Known as Erap, Joseph Estrada was the first president who had been a famous film actor. His presidency was controversial. During his years in office economic growth was slow and he faced impeachment proceedings. He was ousted from the presidency in 2001. He was later convicted of stealing from the government but was pardoned. He ran unsuccessfully for president in 2010. 
 
Contributions, Achievements and Notable Events: 
<ul>
<li>during his presidency Moro Islamic Liberation Front headquarters and camps were captured</li>
<li>joined other leaders and politicians to try to amend the 1987 Constitution</li>
<li>cited as one of the Three Outstanding Senators in 1989</li>
<li>among the “Magnificent 12” who voted to terminate the agreement that allows for U.S. control of Clark Airbase and Subic Naval Base</li>
</ul>
 
14. <a href="https://www.infinithink.org/2023/03/gloria-macapagal-arroyo.html" target="_blank">Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, 2001-2010</a> 
 
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Gloria Macapagal Arroyo was the 14th, president of the Philippines (and the second female president). The Oakwood Mutiny occurred during her term. Arroyo oversaw road and infrastructure improvements and higher economic growth that presidents before her, but there was also controversy. The so-called "Hello Garci" controversy involved recordings that allegedly captured Arroyo ordering the rigging of the election that put her in office. In 2005 Arroyo faced impeachment proceedings related to the recordings but the impeachment failed. After she had left office Arroyo faced additional charges of election fraud and misuse of state funds. 
 
Contributions, Achievements and Notable Events: 
<ul>
<li>second female president of the country</li>
<li>first and only female vice-president of the Philippines so far</li>
<li>first president to take oath outside Luzon</li>
<li>former Economics professor at the Ateneo de Manila University, where current president Benigno Aquino III was one of her students</li>
<li>ex-classmate of former U.S. President Bill Clinton at Georgetown University’s Walsh School of Foreign Service, where she maintained Dean’s list status</li>
<li>oversaw higher economic growth than the past three presidents before her</li>
<li>peso became the best-performing currency of the year in Asia in 2007</li>
<li>eVAT Law was implemented under her term</li>
</ul>
 
15. <a href="https://www.infinithink.org/2023/03/benigno-simeon-aquino-iii.html" target="_blank">Benigno Simeon Aquino III, 2010-2016</a> 
 
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Benigno Aquino III was sworn into office as the fifteenth President of the Philippines. He joined the House of Representatives and the Senate before his presidency. He is the first president who is a bachelor; he is unmarried and has no children. 
 
Achievements, Contributions and Legacies: 
<ul>
<li>initiated K-12 education in the Philippines</li>
<li>in 2013, the Philippines wins its first investment-grade credit rating from Fitch Ratings, similar upgrades from other credit rating agencies Moody’s and Standard and Poor’s follow later that year</li>
<li>changed the Philippines' reputation as "the sick man of Asia" to "brightest spot in Asia"</li>
<li>oversaw higher economic growth than his predecessors </li>
<li>signed a landmark law mandating the state provide free contraceptives to poor couples and teach sex education in schools</li>
<li>filed a suit at a UN-linked international arbitration tribunal in the Hague to invalidate China's claim of Philippine claimed territories in the West Philippine Sea</li>
<li>initiated an unprecedented scale of military upgrade. He improved the Armed Forces’ operational conditions by introducing new and used assets at a rate that far outpaced previous presidents.</li>
</ul>
 
16. <a href="https://www.infinithink.org/2023/03/rodrigo-r-duterte.html" target="_blank">Rodrigo Roa Duterte, 2016-2022</a>

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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRf4Y1r1lCj1wRTYxCLy2ZjPoLsuqpp5tgPta3meIf3rnD3xEcuVuZCM74mnuz1cVW4QquIFFb84U5ClMujFyFhQc23hFeHerNNtFXT8tkLi55Sh4zidC-pUWQz4GNrE8wGASYTkh4whGa/s1600/rodrigo+duterte2%2527.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="248" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRf4Y1r1lCj1wRTYxCLy2ZjPoLsuqpp5tgPta3meIf3rnD3xEcuVuZCM74mnuz1cVW4QquIFFb84U5ClMujFyFhQc23hFeHerNNtFXT8tkLi55Sh4zidC-pUWQz4GNrE8wGASYTkh4whGa/s400/rodrigo+duterte2%2527.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
 
Rodrigo Duterte, former mayor of Davao, ascended to the presidency through a populist movement. His main campaign slogan was "change is coming" and vowed to fight/eradicate criminality and drugs within 3-6 months. 
 
Achievements, Contributions and Significant Events: 
<ul>
<li>The Permanent Court of Arbitration awarded a landmark victory to the Philippines, it has won on almost all of its arguments against China</li>
<li>instigated the foreign policy shift, from being a pro - US ally, to a more independent stance (or a pro - China stance)</li>
<li>Bloody war on drugs. He lived up to his promise of a “relentless” anti-drugs campaign</li>
<li>instituted a tax reform law. A revenue-generating measure to fund the administration’s infrastructure program, health, education, and social services programs</li>
<li>proposed Build, Build, Build! Infrastructure Plan which seeks to accelerate infrastructure spending and develop industries that will yield robust growth, create jobs and improve the lives of Filipinos.</li>
<li>Environmental policies. Initiated a rehabilitation on Boracay, jump-started efforts to clean Manila Bay and Laguna Lake and got Canada to take back its illegal garbage stranded in the Philippines</li>
</ul>
<div> </div>17. Ferdinand Marcos Jr., 2022-Present<div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>No notable achievements or legacies of his presidency, as he has only been in office for a short period of time.</li></ul></div>

Philippine Presidents: Their Achievements and Contributions

Since independence in 1898 and the ratification of the Philippine Constitution in the First Republic, there have been 16 presidents. Starti...

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